Retirement Planning for Private Employees in Bangladesh: Benefits, Costs & How to Plan

Imagine you have worked for 25 or 30 years.

Your salary has paid for rent, food, children's education, transportation, utility bills, family responsibilities, healthcare, loans, and many other everyday expenses. Every month, you may have tried to save something for the future—but the future often feels far away.

Then one day, retirement comes closer.

And one question becomes difficult to ignore:

“When my salary stops, where will my monthly income come from?”

This is why retirement planning for private employees in Bangladesh deserves attention long before retirement day arrives.

For a private-sector employee, retirement planning is not simply about putting money into a savings account. It means estimating future expenses, preparing for inflation and healthcare costs, building long-term savings, protecting your family, and creating possible sources of income for the years when your regular salary may no longer be available.

Whether you work in Dhaka, Chattogram, Rajshahi, Khulna, Sylhet, or another part of Bangladesh, the basic question is the same: Have you prepared financially for the life you want after your working years?

The good news is that you do not have to solve everything at once. A practical retirement plan can start with a small but consistent monthly contribution and become stronger as your income grows.

🔷 What Is Retirement Planning for Private Employees in Bangladesh?

Retirement planning for private employees in Bangladesh means preparing financially for the period when regular employment income may stop. It can include estimating future expenses, building savings, considering pension and insurance options, maintaining emergency funds, and creating a long-term income strategy. Starting early can make the process more manageable.

🔷 Key Takeaways

🔸Start retirement planning as early as possible.

🔸 Estimate your future expenses instead of relying only on today's costs.

🔸 Consider inflation, healthcare and housing when setting your retirement target.

🔸 Build retirement savings consistently, even if you can start with a small amount.

🔸Do not depend entirely on children or employer benefits for your retirement.

🔸Consider combining savings, protection and suitable pension or insurance options.

🔸 Review your retirement plan regularly as your salary, family and financial responsibilities change.

🔷 Why Is Retirement Planning Important for Private Employees in Bangladesh?

For many private employees, salary is the main source of household income. While employment continues, monthly expenses can usually be managed through regular earnings.

But retirement changes the picture.

After leaving employment, your salary may stop while many expenses continue. In some cases, healthcare expenses may even become more important with age.

Think about a typical Bangladeshi household. Even after retirement, you may still need money for:

🔸Food and household expenses
🔸Housing or rent
🔸Electricity, gas and internet
🔸Transportation
🔸Medical treatment and medicines
🔸Family support
🔸Personal expenses
🔸Emergency situations
🔸Religious or social activities
🔸Lifestyle needs

আর একটা বিষয় ভুলে গেলে চলবে না—inflation.

The amount that feels sufficient today may not have the same purchasing power 15 or 20 years from now.

Living costs can also vary by location. A retired employee living in central Dhaka may face different housing and transportation expenses from someone living in Rajshahi or Khulna. Healthcare and lifestyle costs can also differ between Chattogram, Sylhet and other areas.

This does not mean you need an exact city-by-city budget today. It means your retirement plan should be based on your own expected lifestyle rather than one fixed national number.

There is another important issue: family dependence.

Many Bangladeshi parents naturally expect their children to support them later in life. Family support can certainly be valuable, but retirement planning should ideally help you maintain some level of financial independence.

আপনার সন্তান আপনাকে ভালোবাসবে—এটা এক বিষয়। কিন্তু তাদের উপর আপনার পুরো retirement expense নির্ভর করা আরেক বিষয়।

A retirement plan gives you more control over your own future.

🔷 How Much Money Do You Need to Retire in Bangladesh?

There is no single retirement amount that is suitable for every private employee in Bangladesh.

Your retirement target depends on your current expenses, expected retirement age, lifestyle, inflation, healthcare needs, housing situation, existing savings, pension income and other financial resources.

For example, suppose a private employee currently spends Tk 50,000 per month.

That does not automatically mean they will need exactly Tk 50,000 per month after retirement. Their future expenses could be higher or lower depending on where they live, whether they own their home, healthcare needs, family responsibilities and inflation.

Consider these questions:

🔸How old are you today?

🔸At what age do you want to retire?

🔸How much do you spend each month?

🔸How much debt will remain at retirement?

🔸Will you own your home?

🔸How much have you already saved?

🔸Will you receive any pension or other retirement income?

🔸How much might healthcare cost?

🔸Will you financially support family members?

🔸What kind of lifestyle do you want after retirement?

These questions help turn a vague retirement dream into a financial target.

An Illustrative Example

Suppose Rahim currently spends Tk 50,000 per month.

If he expects to need a similar level of spending for 20 years after retirement, a very simple starting calculation would be:

Tk 50,000 × 12 × 20 = Tk 12,000,000

That is Tk 1.2 crore.

But this is only an illustrative starting calculation, not a recommended retirement target.

Why?

Because it does not fully account for inflation, investment or savings growth, taxes where applicable, healthcare inflation, emergency expenses, changes in lifestyle or other retirement income.

The purpose of the example is to show why retirement planning needs a long-term view.

🔷 How to Calculate Your Retirement Fund

A simple starting formula is:

Estimated Retirement Fund = Expected Monthly Retirement Expenses × 12 × Number of Retirement Years

For example:

Tk 60,000 × 12 × 20 = Tk 14,400,000

So the basic estimate would be Tk 1.44 crore.

But remember: this is a simple planning estimate, not a complete retirement calculation.

A more realistic retirement plan should consider:

🔸Inflation
🔸Expected savings growth
🔸Pension or annuity income
🔸Existing assets
🔸Healthcare costs
🔸Housing costs
🔸Emergency reserves
🔸Expected retirement duration
🔸Taxes or other applicable costs
🔸Lifestyle changes

This is why you should not look at a single number and think, “I need exactly this much.”

Instead, think in terms of a retirement gap:

🔷 How much will I need, and how much of that will my existing resources actually cover?

That question is much more useful.

🔷 When Should Private Employees Start Retirement Planning?

The best time to start retirement planning is as early as reasonably possible because you have more time to build savings and adjust your strategy.

Starting in your 20s can give you decades to develop a consistent savings habit.

Starting in your 30s is still a strong position.

In your 40s, retirement planning becomes more urgent because the time available to build the required fund becomes shorter.

In your 50s, the focus may shift toward retirement readiness, income replacement, healthcare planning and reviewing existing financial resources.

Why Starting Early Helps

Suppose two employees eventually want to build a retirement fund.

One starts saving at age 25.

Another waits until age 40.

Even if the older employee earns more, the first employee has a much longer period to make regular contributions.

This is one reason retirement planning is not only about how much you save. It is also about when you start.

আপনি ২৫ বছর বয়সে ছোট amount দিয়ে শুরু করতে পারলে, ৪৫ বছর বয়সে বড় pressure নেওয়ার প্রয়োজন কম হতে পারে।

The exact growth of any savings or investment depends on the product, contribution pattern, applicable return and terms. Never assume a particular future return without verified product information.

🔷 What Are the Costs of Retirement Planning for Private Employees in Bangladesh?

“Retirement planning cost” does not mean there is one fixed fee for preparing for retirement.

Instead, it refers to the money you may need to allocate toward different financial goals.

Possible components include:

🔸Monthly retirement savings
🔸Pension contributions
🔸Insurance premiums
🔸DPS contributions
🔸Long-term savings
🔸Emergency funds
🔸Healthcare reserves
🔸Suitable investment or deposit products

The amount should match your income and financial capacity.

For example, an employee earning Tk 40,000 per month may have a very different savings capacity from someone earning Tk 150,000.

The goal is not to save an unrealistic amount and then stop after a few months.

Consistency matters.

If your salary increases, consider increasing your retirement contribution as well.

🔷 How Much Should a Private Employee Save Every Month for Retirement?

There is no universal monthly amount.

A person may start with Tk 5,000, while another may be able to save Tk 20,000 or Tk 30,000.

For planning purposes, consider these illustrative contribution levels:

🔸 Tk 5,000 per month: suitable as a starting example for someone with limited disposable income.

🔸Tk 10,000 per month: can create a stronger regular savings habit.

🔸Tk 20,000 per month: may be possible for a higher-income employee with controlled expenses.

🔸Tk 30,000 per month: may suit someone with higher income and a stronger retirement target.

These are not recommendations or promises of future value.

The important principle is to create a sustainable system.

For example, you might start with Tk 5,000 today and increase your contribution after receiving a salary increment.

Think of it as:

Start small → stay consistent → increase gradually → review annually.

🔷 What Are the Best Retirement Planning Options for Private Employees in Bangladesh?

There is no single financial product that is automatically best for everyone.

Different options serve different purposes.

🔸 Pension Planning

A pension-focused arrangement may be considered by someone whose main goal is creating financial resources for retirement.

The exact contribution structure, benefit timing and payout arrangement depend on the specific policy or product.

🔸DPS

A DPS can help create a disciplined habit of regular savings.

It may be useful for people who want to contribute a fixed amount regularly toward a future goal. However, DPS should not automatically be treated as insurance unless a specific product combines both.

🔸 FDR

A Fixed Deposit Receipt, or FDR, is a traditional deposit option that may have a place in a broader financial strategy.

It can be considered alongside other financial resources, depending on your liquidity needs, financial goals and the terms offered by the relevant institution.

🔸 Life Insurance

Life insurance can provide financial protection for dependants while you are working.

This matters because retirement planning and family protection are connected. If a family's primary earner dies before retirement, the retirement plan may be disrupted.

🔸 Whole Life Insurance

Whole Life insurance generally focuses on long-term life protection and may include applicable financial features depending on the policy.

It should be viewed as a protection tool that can complement retirement savings—not automatically replace them.

🔸 Survival Benefit Plans

A policy with Survival Benefit features may provide specified benefits when the insured survives particular periods, subject to the policy terms. Some plans may also provide maturity benefits and life insurance protection.

The exact benefit schedule varies by product, so the official policy document should always be checked.

🔸 Islami Takaful

People who want a Shariah-oriented approach to financial protection can explore relevant Takaful options.

The exact structure, contributions, benefits and conditions should be understood from the specific product documentation.

🔸 Group Insurance

Employer-provided group insurance can provide useful protection while you are part of an organization.

But employees should understand an important point:

Group insurance and personal retirement planning are not the same thing.

Ask what happens to your coverage if you change jobs or leave employment.

🔷 National Life Insurance PLC and Retirement Planning

Retirement planning often works best when different financial needs are considered together: long-term savings, retirement income, family protection and financial discipline.

This is where National Life Insurance PLC can be part of the conversation.

National Life Insurance PLC's official information shows a broad range of insurance and related financial offerings. Its published materials include pension-related insurance, whole-life insurance, savings-oriented insurance products, group insurance and Islamic Takaful options. Its 2024 Annual Report also reports claims across categories including maturity, Survival Benefit, group claims and annuity-related claims.

The company's current website also lists services including Islami Takaful, Child Insurance, DPS, FDR and Group Insurance, alongside its insurance offerings.

For a private employee, the important question is not simply:

“Which product should I buy?”

A better question is:

“What financial problem am I trying to solve?”

If your goal is retirement income, you may explore pension-focused planning.

If your goal is disciplined saving, savings-oriented options or DPS may be worth considering.

If your goal is long-term family protection, life insurance may be relevant.

If Shariah-conscious financial protection is important to you, you can explore applicable Takaful options.

Always review the latest product information, premium requirements, benefits, exclusions and policy conditions before making a decision.

🔷 National Life Insurance PLC Products Private Employees Can Consider

🔸 Pension Policy

A Pension Policy may be considered as part of a long-term retirement strategy.

For a private employee, the attraction of pension-focused planning is simple: you are preparing for the period when your employment income may reduce or stop.

National Life Insurance's published product information includes a Pension Policy and other pension-related insurance products.

Before selecting a pension policy, understand how contributions work, when benefits become payable, what benefits are included and how the policy fits with your other retirement resources.

🔸 Savings Policy

A savings-oriented insurance policy may be considered by someone who wants structured long-term financial planning.

It can potentially help create financial discipline while also providing applicable insurance benefits, depending on the product.

Do not assume that every savings policy has the same maturity value, premium structure or protection. Check the specific policy document.

🔸 DPS

DPS is based around regular savings contributions.

For a salaried employee, the monthly nature of DPS can encourage discipline: salary arrives, a planned amount is saved, and the remaining income is used for other expenses.

National Life Insurance PLC currently lists DPS among its services.

However, understand the distinction between a deposit/savings arrangement and an insurance policy before choosing one for retirement planning.

🔸 Whole Life

Whole Life insurance may be considered by someone seeking long-term life protection.

Its purpose can be different from a retirement savings product.

For example, a person may use retirement savings to prepare for future living expenses while using life insurance to protect family members from financial loss if the insured person dies.

That is why Whole Life may complement retirement planning rather than replace it.

National Life Insurance's published product list includes Whole Life Policy.

🔸 FDR

FDR is a traditional fixed-deposit savings option.

It may be useful as part of a diversified retirement strategy for someone who wants to allocate some money to deposit-based savings.

However, FDR is not the same thing as life insurance.

National Life Insurance PLC's current website lists FDR among its services, so interested customers should check the latest terms and applicable conditions directly.

🔸 Islami Takaful

Islami Takaful provides an option for people looking for Shariah-oriented financial protection.

National Life Insurance PLC currently highlights Islamic Takaful among its offerings, while its published reports also include Takaful-related insurance products.

If you are considering Takaful, read the specific product structure carefully so you understand contributions, benefits, conditions and applicable Shariah framework.

🔸 Survival Benefit (SB)

A Survival Benefit refers to a benefit that may become payable when the insured survives a specified period or milestone under a policy containing such a feature.

National Life Insurance PLC's 2024 Annual Report separately reports Survival Benefit claims, while its official educational material explains that the exact timing and amount of survival benefits depend on the selected policy's terms.

For retirement planning, such a product may be considered when its payment structure aligns with a person's long-term financial goals.

🔸 Group Insurance

Group Insurance can be valuable for private-sector employees because employers may provide insurance protection as part of workplace benefits.

National Life Insurance PLC's published product information includes group insurance categories.

But remember: employer coverage may be connected to your employment or group membership.

So ask:

🔸What does my group insurance cover?
🔸How much protection does it provide?
🔸Who are the beneficiaries?
🔸What happens when I change jobs?
🔸Will I need individual insurance separately?

Understanding these details can prevent unpleasant surprises later.

🔷 Which National Life Insurance PLC Option May Suit Your Retirement Goal?

Your financial goal should come before the product name.

🔸 If your goal is retirement income:
Explore pension-focused planning and understand when and how applicable benefits may become payable.

🔸 If your goal is disciplined monthly savings:

DPS or savings-oriented options may be considered, depending on your objectives and affordability.

🔸 If your goal is long-term family protection:

Whole Life or another suitable life insurance option may be considered.

🔸 If you want Shariah-conscious protection:

Explore relevant Islami Takaful options and review the specific structure.

🔸 If your employer provides protection:

Understand your Group Insurance benefits and what happens after employment ends.

National Life Insurance PLC's published materials show that its portfolio includes pension, whole-life, savings-oriented, Takaful and group-related insurance categories, giving employees several types of financial planning options to explore.

Still, suitability depends on your income, age, financial obligations, liquidity needs, retirement target and the actual policy terms.

🔷 Retirement Planning by Age

🔸In Your 20s

Your biggest advantage is time.

Focus on:

🔸Building a regular saving habit
🔸Creating an emergency fund
🔸Getting appropriate life protection
🔸Starting long-term retirement savings
🔸Avoiding unnecessary debt

You do not need to start with a huge amount.

The habit is more important than the size of the first contribution.

🔸 In Your 30s

This is often when responsibilities increase.

You may have:

🔸Marriage expenses
🔸Children
🔸Home-related costs
🔸Education expenses
🔸Parents to support
🔸Loans

At the same time, retirement is getting closer.

Try to increase retirement contributions as income increases and keep protection aligned with your family responsibilities.

🔸 In Your 40s

Now your retirement gap deserves serious attention.

Review:

🔸Existing savings
🔸Pension resources
🔸Insurance coverage
🔸Debt
🔸Expected retirement expenses
🔸Healthcare planning

If you started late, do not give up.

Instead, calculate the gap and make a realistic plan.

🔷 In Your 50s

Retirement preparation becomes much more immediate.

Focus on:

🔸Retirement income planning
🔸Healthcare reserves
🔸Reviewing insurance
🔸Reducing unnecessary debt
🔸Understanding pension benefits
🔸Protecting existing savings
🔸Estimating your retirement cash-flow needs

At this stage, avoiding major financial mistakes can be just as important as increasing savings.

🔷 What Retirement Planning Mistakes Should Private Employees Avoid?

1. Starting too late

Waiting until retirement is only a few years away can create enormous pressure.

2. Ignoring inflation

Today's Tk 50,000 may not provide the same lifestyle in the future.

3. Depending completely on children

Family support is valuable, but personal financial preparation creates greater independence.

4. Saving without a target

Saving money is good. Knowing what the money is supposed to accomplish is better.

5. Ignoring healthcare

Medical costs can become a significant retirement expense.

6. Depending on only one income source

A retirement strategy can consider savings, pension income, deposits, insurance-related benefits and other suitable resources.

7. Buying products without reading the terms

Never choose an insurance or financial product simply because someone says it is “best.”

Understand premiums, benefits, exclusions, maturity conditions and other contractual terms.

8. Forgetting emergency savings

Retirement money should not always be the first source you use for an unexpected expense.

9. Assuming employer benefits will cover everything

Group insurance and workplace benefits may be helpful, but understand their scope and duration.

10. Never reviewing the plan

Your salary, family and expenses change.

Your retirement plan should change with them.

🔷 How to Create a Retirement Plan as a Private Employee

Step 1: Calculate Your Current Expenses

Write down your monthly spending.

Do not rely on memory.

Step 2: Estimate Future Retirement Expenses

Think about housing, food, healthcare, transportation and lifestyle.

Step 3: Choose a Target Retirement Age

For example, you might target 55, 60 or another age based on your career and personal situation.

Step 4: Calculate Your Retirement Gap

Estimate how much you may need and subtract the resources you already expect to have.

Step 5: Build an Emergency Fund

Keep separate money for unexpected expenses so that your long-term retirement plan is not disrupted unnecessarily.

Step 6: Consider Suitable Insurance Protection

If your family depends on your income, appropriate life protection can be an important part of financial planning.

Step 7: Build Long-Term Savings

Consider suitable savings, pension, deposit or insurance options according to your goals and risk preferences.

Step 8: Review Every Year

A yearly review can help you increase contributions when your income grows and adjust your goals when your circumstances change.

🔷Retirement Planning Example for a Private Employee in Bangladesh

Meet Rahim, a fictional 32-year-old private-sector employee living in Dhaka.

Suppose Rahim earns Tk 80,000 per month and spends around Tk 55,000 on household and personal expenses.

He has some savings but has not created a specific retirement target.

Instead of waiting until age 50, Rahim decides to start planning now.

His approach could include:

🔸Building an emergency reserve
🔸Starting regular retirement savings
🔸Reviewing his life insurance needs
🔸Exploring pension-focused options
🔸Keeping some money in liquid savings
🔸Increasing his retirement contribution when his salary rises
🔸Reviewing the plan every year

Rahim does not need to copy someone else's exact investment strategy.

His first job is to understand his own numbers.

If his salary later rises to Tk 100,000, he could review whether he can increase his retirement contribution.

This is the key lesson:

Retirement planning is a process, not a one-time purchase.

All figures in this example are fictional and illustrative only.

🔷 Retirement Planning in Dhaka, Chattogram, Rajshahi, Khulna and Sylhet

Where you plan to live after retirement can affect your financial target.

A person living in Dhaka may have different housing and transportation costs from someone living in Rajshahi.

Someone in Chattogram may have different lifestyle and healthcare expenses from someone in Sylhet.

Khulna may have a different household-cost structure again.

Therefore, instead of asking:

“How much does everyone in Bangladesh need to retire?”

ask:

“How much will I need for the lifestyle I want in the place where I expect to live?”

That approach produces a much more useful retirement plan.

🔷 Retirement Planning FAQs

1. What is retirement planning for private employees in Bangladesh?

Retirement planning means preparing financially for the period when regular employment income may stop. It can include savings, pension planning, insurance protection, emergency funds and other suitable financial resources. The goal is to reduce dependence on salary income and create greater financial stability during retirement.

2. How much should a private employee save for retirement?

There is no fixed amount for every employee. Your target depends on your age, income, expenses, expected retirement age, inflation, healthcare needs and existing savings. A practical approach is to start with an affordable monthly amount and gradually increase it as your income grows.

3. When should I start retirement planning?

Start as early as you reasonably can. Employees in their 20s can benefit from having more time to build savings, while employees in their 30s and 40s can still make meaningful progress through consistent contributions. If you are close to retirement, start now rather than waiting.

4. How much money do I need to retire in Bangladesh?

There is no universal retirement number. Estimate your expected monthly retirement expenses, multiply them by 12 and consider the number of retirement years. Then adjust the estimate for inflation, healthcare, housing, existing assets and other income sources. The simple calculation is only a starting point.

5. What are the best retirement options for private employees?

The appropriate option depends on the individual's goals. Possible components include pension planning, regular savings, DPS, FDR, life insurance, Whole Life, Survival Benefit plans, Takaful and other suitable financial resources. Compare their purposes, costs, liquidity and contractual terms before choosing.

6. Is pension insurance useful for private employees?

A pension-focused insurance product may be useful for someone preparing for retirement income, depending on the policy structure and personal financial situation. Before choosing one, understand the contribution requirements, benefit timing, applicable benefits and conditions, and how it fits with your other retirement resources.

7. How does inflation affect retirement savings?

Inflation reduces purchasing power over time. If your monthly expenses are Tk 50,000 today, you should not automatically assume that Tk 50,000 will provide the same lifestyle decades later. Retirement planning should therefore consider rising costs instead of using today's expenses without adjustment.

8. Can life insurance be part of a retirement plan?

Yes, life insurance can be considered as one component of broader financial planning. Its primary purpose is financial protection, while retirement savings focus on future living expenses. Combining appropriate protection with retirement savings can help address different financial risks.

9. What is the difference between pension planning and regular savings?

Regular savings primarily focus on accumulating money for a future goal. Pension planning focuses more specifically on preparing financial resources for retirement. Depending on the product, pension-oriented insurance may also include protection features. The exact structure varies, so product terms should be reviewed carefully.

10. Can DPS help with retirement planning?

DPS can help employees develop a disciplined habit of making regular savings contributions. It may be useful as one part of a retirement strategy. However, a DPS should not automatically be treated as life insurance. Understand the specific terms and purpose of the savings arrangement.

11. What is the role of FDR in retirement planning?

FDR can serve as one component of a broader savings strategy. It may appeal to people who want deposit-based savings for particular financial goals. However, FDR is different from life insurance and pension products, so employees should consider liquidity, timing, financial goals and applicable terms.

12. What is Islami Takaful?

Islami Takaful is a Shariah-oriented approach to financial protection. People interested in Takaful should review the specific product structure, contribution requirements, benefits, exclusions and applicable Shariah framework. National Life Insurance PLC currently highlights Islamic Takaful among its offerings.

13. Why should private employees have life insurance before retirement?

If family members depend on your income, your premature death could create a financial gap before retirement. Life insurance may provide applicable protection under the policy terms. This can complement retirement savings by addressing a different risk: protecting dependants if the earner dies unexpectedly.

14. What happens to group insurance after leaving a job?

It depends on the specific group insurance arrangement. Some workplace coverage may be connected to employment or group membership. Employees should check the policy terms and ask their employer or insurer what happens when they resign, retire or change jobs.

15. How can I start retirement planning with a small salary?

Start by tracking expenses, creating an emergency fund and setting aside an affordable amount regularly. Even a small contribution can help establish financial discipline. As your salary increases, review your budget and increase your retirement contribution when possible.

🔷 Final Thoughts: Start Planning Before Your Salary Stops

Retirement can feel far away when you are 25 or 30.

Then suddenly, 10 or 20 years have passed.

The biggest mistake is not necessarily saving too little today. It is never calculating what your future self may need.

For private employees in Bangladesh, retirement planning can mean creating a combination of disciplined savings, suitable insurance protection, pension planning, emergency reserves and other financial resources.

The right approach will depend on your age, income, family responsibilities, retirement target and financial goals.

National Life Insurance PLC offers several categories that private employees may explore, including pension-related insurance, savings-oriented options, Whole Life, Islami Takaful, Survival Benefit-related insurance and Group Insurance. Its official materials also list DPS and FDR among its services.

But remember: a product should fit your goal—not the other way around.

Before choosing any policy or financial product, review the latest official information, premium requirements, benefits, exclusions and terms and conditions. If necessary, speak with an authorized National Life Insurance PLC representative for product-specific information.

Most importantly, do not wait for retirement to start thinking about retirement.

আজ যত ছোটই হোক, একটি realistic plan শুরু করুন।

Your future self may be very grateful that you did.